Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis
Status: Common regular resident south and east, uncommon north, locally rare west. Rare regular spring, fall, and winter visitor outside breeding range.
Documentation: Specimen: UNSM ZM7063, Dec 1884 Unadilla, Otoe Co.
Taxonomy: The number of recognized subspecies varies between 16 and 19 (Pyle 1997, Gill et al 2022, Halkin et al 2021), the latter authors most recently listing 18 (Halkin et al 2021). Of these 18, these occur north of Mexico: superbus, resident in southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico, canicaudus, resident from western Oklahoma to southeast New Mexico and southeast Texas, magnirostris, resident in east-central Texas and southern Louisiana, floridanus, resident in the southeastern US, and cardinalis, resident from southeast North Dakota to northeast Texas and east to New Brunswick and Florida.
Nebraska birds are cardinalis.
Resident: Since the early 1900s, Northern Cardinal has gradually expanded its range from the southeast (Bruner et al 1904) across the state westward, primarily along major river valleys (Short 1961), as woody vegetation developed. The range continues to expand, and individuals are regularly observed outside of the above mapped range, which represents the current established distribution of the species. BBS data analysis (Sauer et al (2020) shows Northern Cardinal has increased 2.0% annually (95% C. I. 1.39, 2.63) 1966-2019.
Normally a sedentary species, expansion results from immatures dispersing from the edge of the range in fall and wintering in a new location (Halkin and Linville 2021). There are winter records for most areas in Nebraska beyond the breeding range; such birds may overwinter, locate mates and nest in the following year.
As of 1958, it was breeding commonly in the eastern half of Nebraska and was uncommon to rare westward, with records as far west as the Panhandle (Rapp et al 1958). It was first reported in Lincoln Co at Sutherland 2 Nov 1933 (Tout 1947), but not until 6 Apr 1941 at North Platte, Lincoln Co and 13 Apr 1954 at Scottsbluff, Scotts Bluff Co. The first breeding record for Lincoln Co was a nest with eggs at North Platte 19 Apr 1965 (Mollhoff 2022).
The first record for the upper Elkhorn Valley was a midwinter specimen, UNSM ZM10621, collected at Neligh, Antelope Co 11 Jan 1909. Ducey (1988) cited Bruner’s (1896) statement that it bred at West Point, establishing its presence there prior to 1900. It was breeding in Wayne Co by 1953 (Gates 1953) and in Boone Co by 1984 (Bennett 1984). It is now present throughout northeast Nebraska.
In the Niobrara River Valley, this species continues as of 2019 to push westward. Brogie and Mossman (1983) found several singing males and territorial birds at the Niobrara Valley Preserve in 1982, listing the species as an uncommon “probable nester.” Ducey (1988, 1989) noted an increase in numbers during the period 1984-88 at Anderson Bridge, some 20 miles west of Valentine, Cherry Co, where there have been a few reports since, including one there 5-6 Jun 2023. An early westerly record was of one at Cottonwood Lake SRA near Merriman 27 May 2011. In 2015 one was at the 16F road crossing 15 May, and in 2019, single cardinals were at the Eli Road crossing of the Niobrara River, about 10 miles east of Merriman, the Middle Boiling Springs Road crossing, and the Cody crossing, all on 21 Jul. Since then, the only report farther west (east of the Pine Ridge) was of one at Smith Lake SRA, Sheridan Co 28 Sep 2009, which is located on Pine Creek, a Niobrara River tributary. There are numerous records south of Valentine, especially at Hackberry Lake, Valentine NWR and the Merritt Reservoir area.
Rosche (1982) showed the species has a tenuous hold, at best, in the Pine Ridge region. Northern Cardinals were apparently seen along Bordeaux Creek, a tributary of the White River east of Chadron in Dawes Co in 1935 and 1936 (MacKinlay 1936). There were no further reports until 8 Apr 1954 and 2 May 1956 in Dawes Co, followed by reports 22 May 1957 Sheridan Co, and 2 Apr and 7 Sep 1959 and 20 May 1960 in Box Butte Co. Short (1965) had found no Northern Cardinals at his camp southwest of Merriman, Cherry Co in 1964, but found a pair and collected the male (USNM 480458) south of Rushville in Sheridan Co in summer 1964. This pair was territorial, and the male had enlarged testes. There were no more reports in the Pine Ridge region until 15 Nov 1987 in Dawes Co; the 20+ Pine Ridge reports since suggest a gradual increase in numbers, with most reports since 2005.
Elsewhere in the northern Panhandle, one was along the Niobrara River at Agate Fossil Beds NM, Sioux Co 20 Sep 2017, and singles were at Walgren Lake SRA, Sheridan Co 22 May 2023, and in Box Butte Co, one was at Alliance 3 Sep 2021.
Most Panhandle reports are in or near the North Platte River Valley, including one at Wildcat Hills SRA 4 Jun 2019. As of summer 2023, Northern Cardinal occupies the entire North Platte River Valley. There are numerous reports from Scotts Bluff Co, where cardinals are rather widespread, albeit limited mostly to the Valley itself. A long-time resident of Scotts Bluff Co noted in 2020 “They continue to surprise me with the frequency of reports” (Alice Kenitz, personal communication). In 2022, Scotts Bluff Co reports were from about 10 locations. After first being recorded in Scotts Bluff Co in 1954, there were several Dec and Jan reports through 1976, followed by reports only in spring and summer through 1985. There were no additional reports until 1992, when it was listed as a “permanent resident,” although breeding was not noted until a male was seen feeding young near the North Platte River east of Scottsbluff 31 Jul 1994 (Silcock and Rosche 1994).
Increasing numbers were noted east of Scotts Bluff Co in the North Platte Valley in the 1980s; reports were from six Morrill Co locations in 1985 where previously only one location had been occupied (Williams 1985). Reports from Morrill Co were regular from 2000; it has been resident at Bridgeport SRA since. Between Bridgeport and Lewellen there are few reports, notably at Oshkosh, Garden Co: 23 Feb 2013, 12 May 2016, 13 May 2021, and two on 14 Dec, one at Lisco, Garden Co 9 Jun 2023, two on 21 Jun 2016 at Broadwater, Morrill Co, and one on 21 Sep 2013 Mud Springs, Morrill Co.
It is apparent from dates in the DeLara yard near Mitchell that during initial establishment there cardinals appeared at feeders mid-winter, then apparently nested nearby and brought young to the feeders the following summer and then dispersing; from 2012 to 2017 all dates were in the period 9 Dec-10 Jul (Kathy DeLara, personal communication).
Fewest reports are from the Western Sandhills. Perhaps a first county record for Grant Co was one at Hyannis 14 Dec 2021; additional Grant Co singles were at Dubs Ranch 1 Feb 2023, and near Hyannis 29 Jul and 10 Sep 2023. In Arthur Co, there were two on 11 May 2016 in Arthur, three there 30 Mar 2017, two there 16-17 Sep 2017, and one on 20 May 2023. At Crescent Lake NWR, Garden Co, there were singles 27 May 1999, 8 Jun 2015, 27 May 2017, 19 Jun 2017, 17 May 2018, 25 Mar 2019, and 2 Apr 2019.
Northern Cardinal has been recorded in the Loup drainage for some time. It was first reported at NNF Bessey, Thomas Co as early as the early 1940s, when 4-5 nesting pairs were present; Zimmer (1913) mentioned earlier unverified reports in winter, however, and it is now a “common permanent resident” there (Bray 1994). The first record of breeding in Thomas Co was a nest with eggs near Thedford 28 May 1965 (Mollhoff 2022). Two were at Seneca, Thomas Co 15 Jul 2023. The earliest report for the Loup drainage in Cherry Co is from Elsmere 25 May 1952. Two were at the Highway 97 Dismal River crossing in Hooker Co 26 Mar 2017, one was there 2 Jun 2019, one on 21 May 2020, and one was at nearby Shimmins Lake 26 Mar 2017. Two were at Mullen, Hooker Co 5 Jun and 31 Aug 2022, and one was there 30 Jun 2023. It was at Stapleton, Logan Co, as early as spring 1933, and apparently regularly from that time until 30 Jun 1969; since then, there have been no reporters there. Beginning in 2018, reports from Tryon in McPherson Co are of singles 29 Apr 2018, 4 May 2023, 16 May 2021, 19 Aug 2019, and 4 Dec 2021.
Cardinals are common in Ogallala and fairly common along the South Platte River Valley, but there are only these reports south of the North Platte River Valley in the Panhandle: 1 May 2005 Sidney, Cheyenne Co, 10 Jun 1990 Cheyenne Co, 6 Aug 2013 Bushnell, Kimball Co, 11 Aug 2015 Deuel Co, 18 Aug 1919 Oliver Reservoir, Kimball Co, 6 Sep 2009 Oliver Reservoir, and 13 Oct 2013 Oliver Reservoir. Perhaps a first county record was one at Buffalo Creek WMA, Banner Co 26 Aug 2022.
The Republican River Valley has been occupied for decades; it was apparently common along Frenchman Creek in eastern Chase Co as early as 1945 (Maddux 1989), and first appeared in Webster Co in 1915. There are numerous recent reports from along the Republican River and Frenchman Creek in Dundy and Chase Cos, but only nine for Perkins Co beginning 5 Jun 2000. It has been reported regularly since 2003 at Hayes Center WMA, Hayes Co, and elsewhere in Hayes Co away from Frenchman Creek there are seven subsequent reports beginning in 2004.
- Breeding phenology:
Singing: 13-30 Jan (three records)
Nest building: 14 Mar-31 Jul
Eggs: 10 Apr- 5 Sep (Mollhoff 2022)
Nestlings: 23 Apr-14 Jul
Fledglings: 17 May-31 Oct
It was surmised that 4-5 broods were produced each year in the Verdon, Richardson Co area. An unusual clutch of six eggs, all genuine cardinal eggs, was found 12 May at LaVista, Douglas Co; Wayne Mollhoff (personal communication) noted that the largest cardinal clutch in his 71-nest database was five.
- High counts: 100 at Wilderness Park, Lancaster Co 21 May 2020, 53 at Glenn Cunningham Lake, Douglas Co 23 Sep 2022, 50 at Wagon Train RA, Lancaster Co 23 Mar 2020, 50 at Branched Oak Lake SRA, Lancaster Co 24 Mar 2020, and 45 at Cunningham Lake, Douglas Co 10 Apr 2023.
Images
Abbreviations
NNF: Nebraska National Forest
NM: National Monument
NWR: National Wildlife Refuge
RA: Recreation Area
SRA: State Recreation Area
UNSM: University of Nebraska State Museum
USNM: United States National Museum
Literature Cited
Bennett, E.V. 1984. 1983 Nebraska nesting survey. NBR 52: 47-50.
Bray, T.E. 1994. Habitat utilization by birds in a man-made forest in the Nebraska Sandhills. M.S. thesis, University of Nebraska-Omaha.
Brogie, M.A., and M.J. Mossman. 1983. Spring and summer birds of the Niobrara Valley Preserve, Nebraska: An annotated checklist. NBR 51: 44-51.
Bruner, L. 1896. A list of Nebraska birds, together with notes on their abundance, migrations, breeding, food-habits, etc. Nebraska State Horticultural Society 27th Annual Report pp 57-163.
Bruner, L., R.H. Wolcott, and M.H. Swenk. 1904. A preliminary review of the birds of Nebraska, with synopses. Klopp and Bartlett, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Ducey, J.E. 1988. Nebraska birds, breeding status and distribution. Simmons-Boardman Books, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Ducey, J.E. 1989. Birds of the Niobrara River valley, Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 27: 37-60.
Gates, D. 1953. Birds at Wayne (Nebraska). NBR 21: 4-5.
Gill, F., D. Donsker, and P. Rasmussen (Eds). 2022. IOC World Bird List (v 12.2). Doi 10.14344/IOC.ML.12.2. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
Halkin, S.L., D.P. Shustack, M.S. DeVries, J.M. Jawor, and S.U. Linville. 2021. Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.norcar.02.
MacKinlay, E. 1936. The Eastern Cardinal near Chadron, Dawes County. NBR 4: 84.
Maddux, E.H. 1989. Have the Northern Cardinal and Red-bellied Woodpecker expanded their ranges in Nebraska recently, 1968-1987? NBR 57: 87-92.
Mollhoff, W.J. 2022. Nest records of Nebraska birds. Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union Occasional Paper Number 9.
Pyle, P. 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part I, Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, California, USA.
Rapp, W.F. Jr., J.L.C. Rapp, H.E. Baumgarten, and R.A. Moser. 1958. Revised checklist of Nebraska birds. Occasional Papers 5, Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union, Crete, Nebraska, USA.
Rosche, R.C. 1982. Birds of northwestern Nebraska and southwestern South Dakota, an annotated checklist. Cottonwood Press, Crawford, Nebraska, USA.
Short, L.L., Jr. 1961. Notes on bird distribution in the central Plains. NBR 29: 2-22.
Short, L.L., Jr. 1965. Bird records from northern Nebraska during the breeding season. NBR 33: 2-5.
Silcock, W.R., and R.C. Rosche. 1994. Summer Field Report, June-July 1994, NBR 62: 102-116.
Tout, W. 1947. Lincoln County birds. Published by the author, North Platte, Nebraska, USA.
Williams, F. 1985. Southern Great Plains Region. American Birds 39: 931-933.
Zimmer, J.T. 1913. Birds of the Thomas County Forest Preserve. Proceedings Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union 5: 51-104.
Recommended Citation
Silcock, W.R., and J.G. Jorgensen. 2024. Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). In Birds of Nebraska — Online. www.BirdsofNebraska.org
Birds of Nebraska – Online
Updated 16 Mar 2024, map updated 26 Jul 2023