Toxostoma rufum
Status: Common regular spring and fall migrant statewide. Common regular breeder statewide. Rare casual winter visitor south and southeast.
Documentation: Specimen: rufum, UNSM ZM6643, 17 Sep 1921 Lancaster Co.
Taxonomy: Pyle (1997) recognized two subspecies, longicauda and rufum. According to AOU (1957), eastern rufum breeds west to western Minnesota, western Iowa, and western Missouri, while western longicauda breeds east to eastern Wyoming, southwestern Nebraska, and eastern Colorado. Thus the Brown Thrashers which breed throughout most of Nebraska are probably intergrades of the two subspecies.
Spring: Mar 22, 22, 24 <<<>>> summer (east), Apr 20, 21, 22 <<<>>> summer (north), Apr 25, 25, 26 <<<>>> summer (west)
Earlier dates in the north are 14 Apr 2012 Howard Co, 16 Apr 2010 Antelope Co, and 18 Apr 2015 Custer Co.
An earlier date in the west is 23 Apr 2017 Scotts Bluff Co.
Migrants in the south and east arrive at the end of Mar and spread west over the rest of the state in Apr, with numerous reports in Apr in the Platte River Valley. Arrival is about a month later in the north and west.
- High counts: 161 in Hall Co 11 May 2002, 144 there 13 May 2006, 126 in southeast Nebraska 6 May 2006, and 60 at Kenesaw, Adams Co 26 Apr 1998.
Summer: Brown Thrasher breeds statewide, with lower numbers westward and lowest numbers in the Panhandle.
The range expanded into grasslands of the Great Plains during the late 1800s as European settlers arrived; fire suppression, woody plantings, and the breakup of prairies into fields bordered by fencerows and shelterbelts created optimal habitat for the species (Cavitt and Haas 2020). As agricultural land use has continued to intensify, habitat for this species may be decreasing. BBS trend analysis shows an annual decline of -1.28 (95% C.I.; -1.88, -0.67). Densities are currently highest for the USA in the central Great Plains, including eastern Nebraska (Cavitt and Haas 2020).
- Breeding phenology:
- Nest building: 1-7 May
Eggs: 10 May- 22 Jul (Mollhoff 2022)
Nestlings: 2 Jun-7 Jul
Fledglings: 20 Jun-31 Jul
- High counts: 35 in Cheyenne Co 20 Jun 2022, 25 in Lancaster Co 4 Jun 2013, and 19 in Custer Co 11 Jun 2017.
Fall: summer <<<>>> Oct 1, 2, 3 (west); summer <<<>>> Jan 2, 3, 5 (elsewhere)
Later dates in the north and west are 7 Oct 2006 Garden Co, 8 Oct 2022 Scotts Bluff Co, 10 Oct 2009 Custer Co, and 14 Nov 2000 Oliver Reservoir, Kimball Co. One was tardy westerly in Lincoln Co 4 Nov 2021.
Departure is gradual, with most birds leaving by late Sep in the Panhandle. Elsewhere, Dec reports are numerous; most reports are from CBCs. Jan and later reports are far fewer and are discussed below under Winter.
Banding data indicate that Brown Thrashers which summer in Nebraska commonly winter in Texas, and also that in fall some individuals wander northward, at least to South Dakota.
- High counts: 21 at Lincoln Saline Wetlands NP, Lancaster Co 24 Sep 2020, 21 there 18 Sep 2022, 20 there 21 Sep 2018, 20 in southeast Garden Co 4 Sep 2020, and 18 in Lancaster Co 31 Aug 2002.
Winter: There are several Jan and Feb reports, many probably attempting to over-winter, but documented over-wintering is rare: Aurora, Hamilton Co 1957-58 (Jorgensen 2012), Lincoln, Lancaster Co through 9 Mar 2008, York Co 28 Feb through 18 Mar 2019, Scotts Bluff Co 2010-2011, an apparently-injured bird wintered in Madison, Madison Co 2012-2013, singles overwintered in Lincoln, Lancaster Co yards 2013-2014, 2016-2017, and 2017-2018, and one wintered near Lake Cunningham, Douglas Co 28 Dec 2019-29 Jan 2020.
There are 16 additional reports 6 Jan-21 Mar, most in the southeast, although there are these few from farther north and west: 7 Jan 1957 Dawes Co, 26 Jan 1959 Antelope Co, 1 Feb 2005 Morrill Co, 15 Feb 2020 Buffalo Co, 10 Mar 2022 Lincoln Co, 18 Mar 2019 Hall Co, and 29 Mar 2020 Sioux Co.
Images
Abbreviations
BBS: Breeding Bird Survey
CBC: Christmas Bird Count
NP: Nature Center
UNSM: University of Nebraska State Museum
Literature Cited
American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU]. 1957. The AOU Check-list of North American birds, 5th ed. Port City Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Cavitt, J.F. and C.A. Haas. 2020. Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brnthr.01.
Jorgensen, J.G. 2012. Birds of the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Mollhoff, W.J. 2022. Nest records of Nebraska birds. Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union Occasional Paper Number 9.
Pyle, P. 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part I, Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, California, USA.
Recommended Citation
Silcock, W.R., and J.G. Jorgensen. 2023. Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum). In Birds of Nebraska — Online. www.BirdsofNebraska.org
Birds of Nebraska – Online
Updated 13 Mar 2023
